BLS vs. ADP Jobs Reports: Divergence Opportunities

It's best to think of the BLS and ADP jobs reports as complementary snapshots of the U.S. labor market. 

The BLS generates two jobs reports each month—the establishment survey, which leans on businesses, and the household survey, which leans on households and counts the number of individuals employed. Both take time to collect and compile, and the establishment survey tends to get more attention. This process creates an inherent lag in the data. 

The ADP jobs report, on the other hand, is based on near-real-time payroll data, but its scope is more limited because the data only applies to ADP clientele. Taken together, however, these reports can offer a more complete picture of labor market trends that shape trading strategies and investment decisions. 

Rather than overreacting to any single data point, traders should think of divergence between the BLS and ADP jobs reports as a signal to dig deeper into the overall employment situation. That means monitoring other indicators—like job openings, wage growth, weekly jobless claims, and labor force participation. Over the long term, it's the broader labor market outlook that will move markets by influencing expectations for economic growth, inflation, and Federal Reserve policy, not by a single number from either jobs report. 

Still, the details in these reports—and any divergence between them—may be useful for finding short-term trading opportunities. Traders might be able to take advantage of shifts in implied volatility, sector-specific trends, or inefficiencies created by market overreactions. 

To do this, however, it requires an understanding of what's really going on in the labor market—and what each jobs report is saying. That's why learning the methodology behind the ADP and BLS jobs reports, and why they can diverge, is critical for those who want to turn what are often mixed signals into actionable insights. 

The BLS jobs report is the government's official read on the labor market, and importantly, the Fed's primary jobs metric—meaning it has a greater impact on monetary policy. But while many consider the BLS jobs report to be the gold standard for measuring job growth, the unemployment rate, and wage trends, it has strengths and weaknesses. 

Officially called the Employment Situation Summary, the BLS report contains two key parts:  

• The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, also called the establishment survey, is a monthly survey of businesses that produces estimates of nonfarm payrolls, hours, and earnings.
• The Current Population Survey (CPS) program, also called the household survey, is a monthly survey of households that produces its own estimates of employment, unemployment, labor force participation, and earnings. 

The combination of data from both surveys provides a more complete view of labor market trends. The household survey makes up for gaps in the establishment survey, particularly around agricultural workers, self-employed workers, and private domestic services workers. Importantly, it is the survey that generates the unemployment rate. 

It's essential to note that the BLS also routinely revises its jobs reports post-release to ensure its accuracy as more data comes in. The CES undergoes monthly revisions in the first two months after its initial release, reflecting seasonal factors as well as changing responses or obtaining additional survey responses from businesses. Then it undergoes an annual benchmark revision, which aligns its sample-based estimates with official state unemployment insurance records from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). 

The household survey is also revised annually to reflect population changes and seasonal factors. Combined, these revisions, which are released in February every year, can lead to significant fluctuations in the BLS' jobs data, and traders should follow them closely. 

The ADP Research Institute's jobs report, officially called the ADP National Employment Report, provides an early private-sector look at the health of the labor market. 

Released days before the BLS report each month, the ADP jobs report is based on payroll transactions and administrative data for more than half a million ADP client companies with more than 25 million employees. Created in collaboration with the Stanford Digital Economy Lab, the report measures seasonally adjusted private-sector employment and wages, but only from medium- and large-sized businesses. Similar to the BLS jobs report, this data is broken down by sector and establishment size and revised for accuracy. 

The ADP jobs report is considered a "near real-time" measure of U.S. private employment and wages, according to the company. But it has some limitations: 

• Private sector only. The ADP jobs report doesn't include federal, state, or local government hiring trends.
• Potential sampling bias. ADP data only comes from firms that hire ADP to manage their private payrolls, which may create "sample selection issues," according to Fed researchers.
• Missing mom-and-pop shops. The ADP jobs report doesn't account for the self-employed, agricultural workers, or employees at small businesses.
• Low near-term predictive power. The ADP jobs report has a poor track record of predicting the results of the BLS report, particularly in the short term. ADP itself says its jobs report is not meant "to forecast the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly jobs report." 

For these reasons and more, many economists are skeptical of the findings in ADP's jobs reports. 

Some traders might view the ADP jobs report as a directional leading indicator for the labor market because of the more real-time nature of its data that may reflect trends not yet represented in the BLS report. Traders might use these insights to decide when to hedge their portfolios or alter directional bets on equities. For example, if a trader sees weakness in an ADP jobs report, it could be a sign that private hiring is slowing, which could warrant hedging strategies or bearish bets on market movement. 

However, it's important to view ADP's findings with caution. The official jobs data released by the BLS should always take precedence because the government's verdict and survey reach carry more weight for market participants and the Fed. 

Because many view the BLS report as the definitive read on employment, it can validate or challenge early signals from ADP. This can be used by traders as well. For instance, if ADP shows strong jobs growth, but the BLS report comes in weaker, equity traders might explore bearish bets on a broad market index to position for potential downside movement as the market recalibrates. 

In the long run, the key for traders when dissecting the BLS and ADP jobs reports is to think about how markets might react to the overall labor market narrative provided by the synthesis of the data in both reports. Drawing such a conclusion may be easier said than done. 

For example, stronger jobs data can spark a rally in equity markets, as traders begin to forecast improved earnings and economic growth. But sometimes the adage "good news is bad news" comes into play. In other words, stronger jobs data can imply a more hawkish outlook from the Fed. This could lead to higher interest rate forecasts, which can weigh on equities. 

In a "good news is bad news" scenario, if both reports point to robust hiring and rising wages, traders might hypothetically take bearish positions on a broad market index, speculating that strong labor data will force the Fed to keep policy tight. They might also consider going long volatility through options in anticipation of choppier trading as markets weigh the trade-off between a stronger labor market and more hawkish Fed policy. 

No matter what strategy traders explore, jobs reports need to be viewed with a cautious, nuanced approach because they often serve as more of a Rorschach test for markets than anything. That doesn't mean traders shouldn't consider near-term trends in both reports—and the divergence, or lack thereof, between the two. It can potentially be useful to consider whether a gap between the ADP and BLS jobs reports creates opportunity or increases risk in trading strategies. 

Consider these tips when trading based on jobs reports: 

• Track revisions. BLS and ADP jobs report revisions can move markets more than the initial data releases. Traders wanting to use these numbers in their analysis could consider positioning to hedge against, or potentially profit from, any surprising outsized revisions.
• Treat knee-jerk market moves with skepticism. Markets can overreact to the ADP jobs report's early read. Watch for potential mean reversions in broad market indexes or major currency pairs after the BLS release.
• Monitor sector-specific data. Both the BLS and ADP jobs reports offer insights into hiring at the sector level. Traders focused on this area might research tilting positions to potentially profit from, or hedge against, strengthening or weakening sectors of the economy.
• Watch implied volatility. Large differences between the ADP and the BLS jobs reports can lead to uncertainty, which can increase options' implied volatility (and therefore, premiums). In a heightened volatility environment, there could be opportunities to potentially profit from inflated premiums or continued swings in implied volatility. 

No single jobs report offers the full story. ADP can provide an early directional read, while the BLS delivers an official snapshot—with follow-up revisions that can change the narrative later. For traders, the trick is treating each release as just one piece in the larger labor market puzzle, while being prepared to take advantage of near-term market inefficiencies. 

Sharp divergences in these reports may spark short-term volatility that can offer trading opportunities, but longer-term market trends tend to follow the official narrative from the BLS. It can be useful to consider the data from both reports but always let broader employment and wage trends—along with Fed sentiment, remarks, and policy—be the real guide.