Timing Matters: Understanding Sequence-of-Returns Risk

At issue here is a phenomenon known as sequence-of-returns risk. "Sequence" refers to the fact that the order and timing of poor investment returns can have a big impact on how long your retirement savings last.

After all, a retirement portfolio generally isn't just a lump of cash in a savings account that you draw inexorably down to zero. It also includes a mix of investments that can provide both income and growth over time. Ideally, the growth will replenish at least a portion of what you take out, making your withdrawals more sustainable over the length of the retirement you've envisioned.

However, a major drop in the early years of retirement can scramble this picture. When you tap into your portfolio as it's losing value, you have to sell more investments to raise a set amount of cash. Not only does that drain your savings more quickly, but it also leaves you with fewer assets that can generate growth and returns during potential future recoveries.

In contrast, if a decline occurs later in your retirement, you may not need your portfolio to last as long or continue growing to fund a long retirement, so you may be in much better shape to fund withdrawals.

The chart below shows what happens to two investors who start with $1 million portfolios, take initial withdrawals of $50,000 (with 2% inflation adjustments each year after), but then experience a 15% drop in portfolio value. The investor who faces such a decline early in retirement runs out of money far sooner than an investor who does so later.

"If the decline is steep or lasts awhile, that could make it even harder to recover," said Rob Williams, managing director of financial planning, retirement income, and wealth management at the Schwab Center for Financial Research. "So, the question becomes: How can you help minimize the lost ground?"

One approach is to maintain a short-term reserve of low-risk liquid investments that you can use to cover your expenses while you avoid tapping your stocks. 

Rob recommended keeping a year's worth of expenses after accounting for other income sources including Social Security, if applicable, in cash investments and another two to four years' worth of expenses in high-quality short-term bonds or short-term bond funds. This allocation can be included as part of your retirement portfolio. A portfolio in retirement can include a personalized mix of cash, cash investments, short-term and other types of bonds or bond funds, and stocks. With an allocation to cash, cash investments, and short-term bonds in place, you may feel more comfortable about having a decent chunk of stocks on hand that can generate growth later.

If you don't have a reserve or haven’t otherwise prepared, you may want to consider scaling back portfolio withdrawals and spending. You could also forgo inflation adjustments or postpone large expenses. In short, anything you can do to avoid selling investments when the market is down could potentially benefit your portfolio down the line.

This chart shows what would happen to our two investors from above—with their $1 million portfolios and $50,000 initial withdrawals—if they took less from their portfolios after being hit by 15% drops in the first two years of retirement. Investor 1 opts for a 2% withdrawal rate, while Investor 2 takes out 4% a year, and they both return to 6% annual returns.

A rebounding market should help them quickly make up lost ground, right? Unfortunately, not always—those continuing withdrawals can create a strong headwind, with more shares sold to support spending in a down market than would be the case when values are appreciating. But by dialing back his annual withdrawals to 2%, Investor 1 will be back where he started after roughly 11.5 consecutive years of 6% annual gains. With a 4% withdrawal rate, Investor 2 would have to have 28 straight years of 6% gains to fully recover.