When it comes to capital gains, the conventional approach is to delay realizing them for as long as possible so you don't have to pay the associated taxes. However, waiting isn't always the best strategy. Sometimes harvesting a gain today can set you up for lower taxes tomorrow.
You can think of such tax-gain harvesting as the less-well-known sibling of tax-loss harvesting. (As a refresher, that's when you sell a depressed asset and use the resulting loss to lower your taxes.) In fact, using them together can help you maximize the benefits of both, as we'll see below.
Finally, it's worth noting that you can harvest gains at any point, but the final few months of the year are a particularly good time to do so as you should already have a sense of your total income and potential tax liability for the year, as well as a target list of tax-loss harvesting opportunities.
Now let's dig in.
How does tax-gain harvesting work?
You can sell investments with a taxable gain for a variety of reasons—to raise cash, rebalance a portfolio, reduce a concentrated position, etc.—but with tax-gain harvesting, you're doing so specifically for tax purposes.
The process is pretty straightforward: You just sell the investment when you think it'll have the least impact on your taxes. If you'd like to keep the investment, you can even turn around and buy it again. Doing so effectively resets the cost basis on which your future tax liability will be calculated. This opportunity isn't available when you're harvesting losses, because of the wash-sale rule. (Just be sure every share you sell is for a gain. If any of them are losses, repurchasing the same asset could trigger a wash sale.)
Before getting into some examples, here are a few things to keep in mind:
- Tax-gain harvesting works only in a taxable account, like a brokerage account. You can't do it in a tax-deferred IRA or 401(k), as you wouldn't realize taxable gains in such accounts.
- If your taxable capital gains exceed your losses, you could impact tax calculations that look at your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). This includes whether your Social Security benefits are taxed.
Now, here are three situations in which tax-loss harvesting could make the most sense:
1. You expect to have a "lean" year
For 2024, individuals with taxable income below $47,025 ($94,050 for married couples) pay 0% tax for long-term capital gains (LTCG).
In years when you're under the threshold—say, if you're in between jobs, or receive a smaller bonus—you could effectively lock in tax-free long-term gains. The idea would be to realize just enough LTCG to stay within the 0% tax bracket.
For example, a single investor with taxable income of $39,150 for the 2024 tax year (after accounting for the $14,600 standard deduction) could realize up to $7,875 of LTCG without going over the $47,025 threshold for the 0% LTCG tax bracket. If they bought the investment back, they'd reset their cost basis and potentially lower their tax burden in the future.
(Note that this applies only to long-term capital gains; short-term gains on assets held one year or less are taxed as ordinary income.)
2. You plan to also realize some losses
If you realize a loss on an investment, you can use it to offset your taxable capital gains and potentially lower your ordinary income by up to $3,000.
So, if you plan to lock in some losses this year, you could also realize an equal amount of taxable gains. The losses effectively zero out the gains, likely eliminating the capital gains taxes that might otherwise be due.
Again, if you don't need the proceeds from the sale, you could consider repurchasing the same stock to reset the investment's cost basis. That way, you would pay no tax on the current gain—and any realized capital gain in the future would be based on the new, higher cost basis.
3. You need to do some portfolio maintenance
Sometimes your winning positions can throw off your portfolio's target asset allocation, as one set of stocks rises faster than the rest. For example, say your tech stocks are doing better than your energy stocks. That could leave you overexposed to volatility in the tech sector and potentially laden with more market risk than you'd intended.
Selling some of your gainers—ideally along with some losers to help soften the tax hit or by targeting a specific tax bracket—can help bring your portfolio back to its target allocation, while potentially limiting the tax impact of the sale. Then you could use the proceeds to buy some of the laggards.
The bottom line
By strategically harvesting gains in certain tax years, you can potentially reduce your tax liability and keep your portfolio in balance. Be sure to consult your financial advisor and tax professional to implement a strategy that works for your situation.
