What is Tax-Gain Harvesting?

If you have winners in your portfolio, conventional wisdom says to delay collecting your capital gains as long as possible. Doing so allows you to defer paying capital gains taxes—plus, waiting could reduce the amount of tax you ultimately owe if you find yourself in a lower bracket when you do sell.

However, conventional wisdom can sometimes be wrong. By selling some of your winners—a strategy known as tax-gain harvesting—you could actually help reduce future taxes and create a more balanced portfolio.

Tax-gain harvesting offers investors the opportunity to realize long-term capital gains with little or no impact to their taxes. Here are three situations in which tax-gain harvesting may be an applicable strategy.

If your pay fluctuates from year to year—which may be the case if you're self-employed, on sabbatical, or work part-time—a lean year could provide an opportunity to realize tax-free long-term gains. Individuals who have taxable income of less than $41,675 ($83,350 for married couples) in 2022 fall into the 0% long-term capital gains tax bracket (LTCG).

In this situation, you would look to realize just enough long-term capital gains to stay within the 0% tax bracket. For example, if you're married and your combined taxable income for 2022 is $75,100—wages of $101,000 less the $25,900 standard deduction—you could realize up to $8,250 in long-term gains at the 0% rate. Note that this applies only to long-term capital gains; short-term gains on assets held one year or less are taxed as ordinary income.

Even if you have an income that pushes you into a higher long-term capital gains tax bracket, you can still utilize tax-gain harvesting. For example, if you've realized capital losses this year, consider realizing the commensurate amount of capital gains. The losses effectively zero out the gains, likely eliminating the capital gains taxes that might otherwise be due.

Similarly, if you don't immediately need the proceeds from the sale, you could consider repurchasing the same stock to reset the investment's cost basis. That way, you would pay no tax on the current gain—and any realized capital gain in the future would be based on the new, higher cost basis. That said, if you repurchase the same stock, be aware that each and every share needs to be sold for a gain or else the wash-sale rule could apply (see "Beware the wash-sale rule," below).

Sometimes your winning positions can throw off your portfolio's target asset allocation, due to one set of stocks rising faster than another. For example, say your tech stocks are doing better than your energy stocks. That could leave you overexposed to volatility in the tech sector and expose you to more market risk than you'd intended. Look for opportunities to bring your portfolio back to its target allocation by selling some winners—ideally along with some losers to help soften the tax hit—and using the proceeds to rebalance your portfolio.

Tax-gain harvesting can only be done in a taxable account, like a brokerage account. Also, recognizing a net capital gain could impact other tax calculations that look at your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI), such as the taxation of Social Security benefits.

Finally, unlike tax-loss harvesting, which can be done year-round, tax-gain harvesting is best implemented at year end, when your total income and losses can be better estimated. That way, you can be sure you'll indeed qualify for the 0% long-term capital gains tax rate or that you have enough capital losses to offset the realized gains.

By strategically harvesting gains in certain tax years, you can potentially reduce your tax liability and keep your portfolio in balance. Be sure to consult your financial advisor and tax professional to implement a strategy that works for your situation.