Should You Pay Off a Mortgage Before You Retire?

• You're trying to reduce your baseline expenses: If your monthly mortgage payment represents a substantial chunk of your expenses, you'll be able to live on a lot less once that payment goes away. This can be particularly helpful if you have a limited income. 
• You want to save on interest payments: Depending on a home loan's size, interest rate, and term, the interest can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars over the long haul. Paying off your mortgage early frees up that future money for other uses. 
• Your mortgage rate is higher than the rate of risk-free returns: Paying off a debt that charges interest can be like earning a risk-free return equivalent to that interest rate. For example, compare your mortgage rate to the after-tax rate of return on a low-risk investment with a similar term—such as a high-quality, tax-free municipal bond issued by your home state. If your mortgage rate is higher than the interest rate on those investment assets—which could be the case for more and more borrowers as interest rates peak—you'd be better off paying down the mortgage than investing the money. 
• You want to prioritize peace of mind: Paying off a mortgage can create one less worry and increase flexibility in retirement. 

Consult with your financial advisor before deciding to pay off your mortgage—either through regular payments or a lump sum. An advisor can help project the impact of this decision on your portfolio. If you decide that a lump sum is the most appropriate way forward, consider tapping taxable accounts before any retirement savings. "If you withdraw money from a 401(k) or an individual retirement account (IRA) before 59½, you'll likely pay ordinary income tax—plus a penalty—substantially offsetting any savings on your mortgage interest," says Rob Williams, managing director of financial planning, retirement income, and wealth management at the Schwab Center for Financial Research.

• You need to catch up on retirement savings: If you completed a retirement plan and discovered that you aren't contributing enough to your 401(k), IRA, or other retirement accounts, increasing those contributions should probably be your top priority. Savings in these accounts grow tax-deferred until you withdraw them.
• Your cash reserves are low: "You don't want to end up house rich and cash poor by paying off your home loan at the expense of your reserves," says Rob. He recommends keeping a cash reserve of three to six months' worth of living expenses in case of emergency. 
• You carry higher-interest debt: Before you pay off your mortgage, first pay off any higher-interest loans—especially nondeductible debt from sources like credit cards. Create a habit of paying off nondeductible debt every month—rather than allowing the balance to build—so that you'll have fewer expenses when you retire.
• You might miss out on investment returns: If your mortgage rate is lower than what you'd earn on a low-risk investment with a similar term, you might consider keeping the mortgage, paying it off gradually, and investing what extra you can. This is especially relevant if you secured a low mortgage rate before the recent rise in rates. Investors with more flexibility and more financial resources might feel that there's an opportunity for higher returns for that money in their pre-retirement years. But if you consider investing in riskier or more-volatile investments, remember that those investment returns fluctuate, and higher returns are not guaranteed.

Mortgage rates are high right now. But depending on your current rate and where rates go in the next few years, it may make sense before you retire to refinance into a shorter-term loan (if your goal is to pay off your mortgage more quickly) or into a loan with a lower interest rate (if you want to decrease your monthly payment and free up funds for savings or investment). Also, if your mortgage has no prepayment penalty, an alternative to paying your loan off entirely is to chip away at the principal at a faster rate than you would with regularly scheduled mortgage payments. You can do this by making an extra principal payment each month or by sending in a partial lump sum. This tactic can save a significant amount of interest and shorten the life of the loan while maintaining diversification and liquidity. But choose a pace and amount that works for you—lest you compromise your other saving and spending priorities.

"Have a plan where you can both invest and pay down principal on a mortgage before or early in retirement," Rob says. "You don't have to make an all-or-nothing decision."