This type of exchange-traded ETF is built differently from a traditional ETF.

A hybrid approach to investing
Category | Mutual Funds | Traditional ETFs | Active Semi-Transparent ETFs |
---|---|---|---|
What is it? | An investment vehicle typically based on the Investment Company Act of 1940 that allows investors to pool assets and collectively purchase stocks, bonds, or other securities. Mutual funds are either actively managed (investment decisions are based on the analysis of a single individual or investment team) or passively managed (the fund attempts to replicate a published index). Mutual funds typically disclose their holdings monthly or quarterly. | Also based on the Investment Company Act of 1940 (typically), but with significant exceptions to certain rules. For example, ETFs have received permission from the SEC to transact only with large, authorized participants (or APs) in big bundles of shares (typically 50,000). Most ETFs disclose the holdings in their portfolios each day. While most traditional ETFs are passively managed, there are actively managed ETFs as well. | Newer fund structures with additional differences vs. the Investment Company Act of 1940. Although the details and mechanics of these structures vary, the purpose behind all of them is to make ETFs more attractive to active managers by not revealing their funds' full, underlying holdings on a daily basis to market participants who may abuse such information. |
Creation/redemption of shares | Investors buy or sell shares directly from the fund company (or through an intermediary, such as Schwab). Shares are created when the fund company receives investors' cash and issues shares to the investor at a price called the Net Asset Value (or NAV). The NAV is the end-of-day value of all the fund's assets minus its liabilities. All investors buying or selling on the same day receive the same NAV price. | Only APs are able to transact directly with the fund company. Investors buy and sell shares from APs (and other market participants) on national stock exchanges throughout the trading day at prices which may differ from NAV. Furthermore, most ETFs are created/redeemed "in-kind." To create shares, APs must deliver the securities comprising the fund's portfolio to the fund's sponsor in exchange for ETF shares. To redeem shares, APs deliver ETF shares to the fund sponsor and receive the fund's underlying holdings in return. | Creation/redemption processes vary based on the exact terms of the structure; numerous structures have been proposed to the SEC and several have received SEC approval. In most of the structures, the AP creates/redeems shares via a proxy portfolio (i.e., it delivers or receives securities that are not exactly the same as those actually held by the fund). However, in one structure, the creation basket contains the same holdings as the fund, but there is an additional intermediary between the fund sponsor and the AP. |
Disclosure of full portfolio with actual holdings | Either monthly or quarterly with a lag | Typically daily | Either monthly or quarterly with a lag |
Intraday calculation of portfolio value | Not available | No longer required by the SEC, but (when provided) typically calculated every 15 seconds; based on actual ETF holdings. | Various structures offer different calculation frequencies and are based on either the actual portfolio or a similar, proxy portfolio. |
Trading | Shares are bought and sold at end of day net asset value (NAV) directly with a fund sponsor. | Shares are bought and sold on exchanges at market prices throughout the trading day. | Shares are bought and sold on exchanges at market prices throughout the trading day. Because market makers and APs may be less able to accurately value the underlying holdings, shares may trade with wider bid-ask spreads and bigger premiums/discounts compared to traditional ETFs. |
Portfolio Management | Portfolio managers may create capital gains when they buy or sell shares inside the portfolio to accommodate investors' cash flows. This can lead to lower tax efficiency. Alternatively, holding cash to facilitate flows may reduce performance compared to a fully invested portfolio. | May use the creation/redemption process to remove lower-cost basis shares from the portfolio, which could increase tax efficiency. Cash drag (the negative impact that excess cash can have on a company's or a fund's financial performance) is marginal due to receiving and distributing shares primarily in-kind. | May use the creation/redemption process to remove lower-cost basis shares from the portfolio, which could increase tax efficiency. Cash drag is marginal due to receiving and distributing shares primarily in-kind. However, for structures which rely on proxy portfolios, managers will have to buy and sell securities to better align the securities they receive through creation/redemption baskets with the securities they actually want to own. This could reduce the tax efficiency of active semi-transparent ETFs compared to traditional ETFs and possibly create a drag on performance. |
Expense ratios | Net expense ratios tend to be higher than ETFs, especially for actively managed mutual funds, which require research teams and tools (data packages, technology tools, etc.). | Net expense ratios tend to be lower, especially for funds tracking standard indexes in easy-to-access asset classes (e.g., U.S. large cap equities). | Net expense ratios tend to be higher, since these types of ETFs also require research teams and tools (data packages, technology tools, etc.). |